Low temperature

Low temperatures are usually the result of either too little or too much pile moisture or an improper C:N ratio. Evaluate the carbon source mixture and adjust if needed. Remove some of the covering layer and check pile moisture using the handful squeeze method. If nothing sticks to your palm, add water. If water drips out, turn the pile allowing it to dry or mix in dry carbon source. Check the temperature a few days later to see if the pile has begun heating.

A pile will also not heat sufficiently if the carbon source material does not pack tightly enough, particularly in cold weather. For example, chopped cornstalks and long-stem hay or straw allow too much air movement to the extent that heat is lost and composting is poor. These materials should be mixed with manure or finished compost prior to composting. Add additional covering layer of finer material to increase insulation.

Pile odor

Odors can arise from compost that is too wet. Turn the compost and add additional dry carbon source. Wooden bins may trap rainwater if not covered and composting material on the sides and bottom can become too wet. Too low a C:N ratio and too thin a covering layer also contribute to odor. Make sure there is a good C:N ratio, the covering layer is at least 18 inches (45 cm) thick, and carcasses are a minimum of 12 inches (30 cm) from the pile’s edge. The covering layer not only acts to shed rainwater, it also serves as a biofilter trapping gasses and odors generated by the composting process.

Failure to decompose

Failure to decompose is due to improper C:N ratio or carcasses that were laid too thickly or too close to the edge of the pile. Add additional carbon source and ensure that the pile is properly constructed. Use fewer carcasses per layer.

Insect/fly larvae

Seeing insects or fly larvae is due to insufficient covering layer over carcass or liquids leaching from the pile creating odors. Build the pile with a thick absorbent base and ensure an adequate cover throughout the decomposition process. Make sure the pile is heating sufficiently. Maintain a clean area surrounding the pile.

Scavengers

Scavengers may disturb pile contents if the surrounding structure cannot prevent entry. For example, the openings between slats in a pallet may not stop wild animals from entering the pile, particularly if odors are present. If entry becomes a problem, additional wire surrounding the pile may be needed.

Leachate

Fluids seen running out of the pile indicate too thin a base layer, compost that is very wet, or a pile containing too many carcasses. In these cases, the pile may have to be rebuilt or split into two piles.

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